A GRAMMAR OF THE MALAYALAM LANGUAGE
(മലയാള ഭാഷാവ്യാകരണം)
REV. H. GUNDERT
- 001. Preface.
- 002. മുഖവുര
- 003. INTRODUCTION.
- 004. അക്ഷരങ്ങൾ. ON LETTERS.
- 005. Malayalam vowels. മലയാള സ്വരങ്ങൾ (ഉയിരുകൾ) ൧൨ ആകുന്നു. (ആൎയ്യ) അ ആ ഇ ൟ ഉ ഊ എ ഏ ഐ ഒ ഓ ഔ
- 006. Malayalam consonants. മലയാള വ്യഞ്ജനങ്ങൾ (മേയ്കൾ)
- 007. ഹ്രസ്വസ്വരങ്ങൾ. Short Vowels.
- 008. ദീൎഘസ്വരങ്ങൾ (നെടിൽ) Long Vowels.
- 009. അനുസ്വാര വിസൎഗ്ഗങ്ങൾ. Anuswāra & Visarga.
- 010. ഖരങ്ങൾ. Surds.
- 011. ഊഷ്മാക്കൾ. Sibilants.
- 012. അനുനാസികങ്ങൾ. Nasals.
- 013. യ-വ-എന്ന ഉയിൎവ്യഞ്ജനങ്ങൾ. Semivowels. യ. വ.
- 014. രലാദികൾ. Liquids. ര. ല. ഴ. ള.
- 015. പദാംഗങ്ങൾ. ON SYLLABLES.
- 016. സ്വരസന്ധി. Junction of Vowels.
- 017. വ്യഞ്ജനസന്ധി Function of Consonants. - I. Euphony in final & initial Consonants.
- 018. പദകാണ്ഡം ETYMOLOGY.
- 019. നാമരൂപം (പേൎച്ചൊൽ) The Properties & Accidents of Nouns - A.) NOUN-SUBSTANTIVE നാമം - I. ത്രിലിംഗങ്ങൾ
- 020. ബഹുവചനം. The Plural Number.
- 021. വിഭക്തികൾ The Cases.
- 022. രൂപവകകൾ Declensions. a. മലയാള രൂപവകകൾ Malayalam Declensions.
- 023. കുവകകൾ The first Declension.
- 024. നുവകകൾ The Second Declension.
- 025. സംസ്കൃതരൂപാംശം Sanscrit Cases.
- 026. പ്രതിസംജ്ഞകൾ Pronouns.
- 027. ചുട്ടെഴുത്തുകളും(അ - ഇ - എ) are Pronouns & the Nouns affixed to them have become adverbs.
- 028. c. ചൂണ്ടുപേരുകളും ചോദ്യപ്രതിസംജ്ഞകളും. Demonstrative & Interrogative (Pro) Nouns.
- 029. Interrogative Pronoun
- 030. Indefinite Pronoun
- 031. Sanscrit Pronouns (& Adverbs.)
- 032. പ്രതിസംഖ്യകൾ Indefinite Numerals.
- 033. സംഖ്യകൾ Definite Numerals.
- 034. II. Vulgar Fractions ചില്ക്കണക്കു
- 035. III. Distributives ഹരണസംഖ്യകൾ ആവിത.
- 036. IV. Multiplicatives ഗുണനസംഖ്യകൾ ആവിതു:
- 037. Numeral Adverbs പിന്നെ ക്രിയാവിശേഷണങ്ങൾ
- 038. Sanscrit Numerals സംസ്കൃത സംഖ്യകൾ ആവിത.
- 039. സമാസരൂപം( സമാസരൂപം means Copulative link by which 2 Nouns are cemented into one Compound Noun, be this the terminating Vowel of the first Noun as 163, or the dropping or retaining of its final consonants as 164, or the affix added as<lb /> 167 etc. compare the English word hand-i-work, where i is the സമാസരൂപം.) - Formation of Compound Nouns.
- 040. നാമവിശെഷണ ധാതുക്കൾ Roots of Adjectives.
- 041. I. Adjective-Participles.
- 042. II. Personal Nouns.
- 043. III. Abstract Nouns.
- 044. IV. Personal Nouns for the 1st and 2nd Person.
- 045. G. തദ്ധിതനാമങ്ങൾ Derivative Nouns.
- 046. a. Personal Nouns - 1. Termination\ അൻ-ഇ-ത്തി.
- 047. Abstract Nouns. ഭാവനാമങ്ങൾ്ക്കു.
- 048. Sanscrit Abstract Nouns and Termination.
- 049. The Inflections of Verbs. - B. ക്രിയാരൂപം (വിനച്ചൊൽ) - I. Roots of Verbs. - a. Pure Roots.
- 050. Verbal Nouns forming the Case.
- 051. Divisions of Verb — Strong and Weak.
- 052. Intransitive and Transitive.
- 053. ത്രികാലങ്ങൾ. The 3 Tenses. - The Tenses and their affixes.
- 054. Affixes for the 3 Persons.
- 055. ഭാവി കാലങ്ങളുടെ രൂപം The 2 Future Tenses. - I. The affixes of the first Future Tense.
- 056. II. The second Future Tense. - 201. രണ്ടാം ഭാവിയുടെ രൂപം ആവിത്:
- 057. II. വൎത്തമാനകാലങ്ങളുടെ രൂപം The 2 Present Tenses. - I. The affixes of the first Present Tense.
- 058. The affixes of the second Present Tense.
- 059. ഭൂതകാലത്തിൻ്റെ രൂപം The past Tense or Perfect.
- 060. The affixes of the past Tense.
- 061. വിനയെച്ചങ്ങൾ (ക്രിയാന്യൂനം.) - Adverbial Participles.
- 062. Adverbial Past Participles.
- 063. Adverbial Future Participles.
- 064. പേരെച്ചങ്ങൾ (ശബ്ദന്യൂനം) - Adjective Participles.
- 065. Adjective future Participles
- 066. Personal Nouns.
- 067. Neuter Nouns.
- 068. വിധിനടുവിനയെച്ചം മുതലായവ. - Imperative. Infinitive. Optative.
- 069. Infinitive ഭാവരൂപം.
- 070. Optative.
- 071. Optative and Permissive Imperative. ആദ്യ രൂപത്തോടു-ട്ടെ-എന്നതു ചേൎക്കയാൽ ഉത്തമപ്രഥമപുരഷന്മാൎക്കുള്ള നിമന്ത്രണവും അനുജ്ഞയും ഉണ്ടാകുന്നു.
- 072. സംഭാവനാദികൾ.
- 073. VII. ക്രിയാനാമങ്ങൾ. Verbal Nouns. - I. Abstract Nouns.
- 074. Personal Nouns
- 075. മറവിന (നിഷേധക്രിയ) - Negative Verbs.
- 076. Negative Future Tense.
- 077. Negative Present Tense.
- 078. Rare Negative Future Tense.
- 079. Negative Past Tense.
- 080. ക്രിയോല്പാദനം. - Formation of Verbs. - 289. 1. Malayalam Verbs
- 081. Sanscrit adjective Participles.
- 082. ഊനക്രിയകൾ - Defective Verbs. - a. Definition
- 083. അവ്യയരൂപം Particles (A Particle is an indeclinable word, as the Article, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction or Interjection. Locke) - (INDECLINABLES)
- 084. Particles derived from Verbs ക്രിയോത്ഭവങ്ങൾ.
- 085. Particles derived from Nouns
- 086. Particles proper
- 087. Expressives (Interjections)
- 088. വാചകകാണ്ഡം SYNTAX - A. കൎത്താവ്—ആഖ്യാതം—പൊരുത്തം. - ON THE SUBJECT, PREDICATE AND AGREEMENT.
- 089. ആഖ്യാതം The Predicate.
- 090. പൊരുത്തം The Agreement.
- 091. നാമാധികാരം SYNTAX OF NOUNS.
- 092. സമാനാധികരണം Co-ordination. - 1. അനേക കൎത്താക്കൾ. MANY SUBJECTS.
- 093. നാമവിശേഷണ വിവരം ATTRIBUTIVE COMBINATIONS.
- 094. സംഖ്യകളാലെ നാമവിശേഷണം. - Definite Numeral Attributives
- 095. പ്രതിസംഖ്യകളാലേ നാമവിശേഷണം. - INDEFINITE NUMERAL ATTRIBUTIVES.
- 096. നാമവിശേഷണത്തിൽ വിഭക്തിപ്പൊരുത്തം. - NOUNS AND ATTRIBUTIVES AGREEING IN CASES.
- 097. ആശ്രിതാധികരണം Dependence.
- 098. പ്രഥമ NOMINATIVE.
- 099. പ്രഥമയുടെ അവ്യയീഭാവം The Nominative used adverbially
- 100. പ്രഥമയോടുള്ള ക്രിയാസമാസങ്ങൾ. - Nominative Nouns and Verbs forming into compound Verbs.
- 101. ദ്വിതീയ ACCUSATIVE OR OBJECTIVE. - The Nominative form suffices.
- 102. തൃതീയ INSTRUMENTAL.
- 103. Adverbial Participles used Instrumentally.
- 104. ഒടു-ഓടു എന്നവ സഹാൎത്ഥത്തിന്നു പ്രമാണം.
- 105. ചതുൎത്ഥി. DATIVE.
- 106. പഞ്ചമി. ABLATIVE. -a. അപാദാനം. Ablative (Removal, Origin.)
- 107. താരതമ്യവാചകങ്ങൾ. Degrees of Comparison.
- 108. ഷഷ്ഠി. POSSESSIVE OR GENITIVE.
- 109. വളവിഭക്തിയുടെ ആദേശരൂപങ്ങൾ- THE SUBSTITUTES OF OBLIQUE CASES.
- 110. സപ്തമി LOCATIVE.
- 111. CASES JOINED WITH THE NOUN-PARTICLES അകം ETC.
- 112. Terms of Middle- midst, between നടു.
- 113. Terms of what is above, surface മേൽ മുതലായവ.
- 114. Terms of what is below (under, below, beneath etc.) കീഴ്
- 115. Terms of outside (without, beyond) പുറം.
- 116. Terms of Company (with, along with, together etc.)പക്കൽ.
- 117. Terms of Proximity (nigh, near, close, contiguous etc.)സാമീപ്യവാചികൾ പലതും ഉണ്ടു.
- 118. Terms of Circumference (round about, all around) ചൂഴാദികൾ.
- 119. Terms of Direction, Opposition (towards, against etc.)നേർ.
- 120. Terms of Limit (until, till, as far as etc.) ഓളം മു
- 121. മ്പെ സ്ഥലവാചിയായതു.
- 122. Terms of being before മുന്നാദികൾ.
- 123. Terms of distance back പിന്നാദികൾ്ക്ക്.
- 124. Terms of Cause കാരണവാചികളോടു പലപ്പോഴും പ്രഥമ മതി. (403. 3.)
- 125. Cases used with ആണ ആണ എന്നതു വളവിഭക്തിയോടു ചേരുന്നതു.
- 126. പ്രതിസംജ്ഞകളുടെ പ്രയോഗം The Use of Pronouns.
- 127. പുരുഷപ്രതിസംജ്ഞകൾ. PERSONAL PRONOUNS.-a. Polite forms (honorifics)
- 128. അ-ഇ-ചുട്ടെഴുത്തുകൾ. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.
- 129. ചോദ്യപ്രതിസംജ്ഞ INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN.- I. ആർ, ഏതു, എന്തു? etc. ചോദ്യപ്രതിസംജ്ഞ.
- 130. ക്രിയാധികാരം. - SYNTAX OF VERBS. - I. ചതുൎവ്വൎഗ്ഗം DIVISION OF VERBS.
- 131. VERBS INTRANSITIVE WITH TRANSITIVE MEANING.
- 132. TRANSITIVE VERBS ARE USED INTRANSITIVELY.
- 133. VERBS CAUSAL MAY DENOTE SPONTANEOUS ACTION.
- 134. IN COMPOUND NEGATIVE VERBS THE LAST ONLY HAS THE NEGATIVE FORM.
- 135. ത്രികാലങ്ങൾ THE THREE TENSES. - The Finite Verb in three Tenses has four peculiarities.
- 136. The Present Tense. - 565. വത്തമാനത്തിന്നു.
- 137. The Past Tense. - 567. ഭൂതകാലത്താൽ.
- 138. The First Future Tense.
- 139. The Second Future Tense.
- 140. വിനയെച്ചങ്ങൾ (ക്രിയാന്യൂനങ്ങൾ) - THE TWO ADVERBIAL PARTICIPLES.
- 141. A. മുൻ വിനയെച്ചം (ഭൂതക്രിയാന്യൂനം.) - THE ADVERBIAL PAST PARTICIPLE(“GERUNDIUM”).
- 142. പിൻവിനയെച്ചം (ഭാവിക്രിയാന്യൂനം.) - THE ADVERBIAL FUTURE PARTICIPLE (SUPINUM).
- 143. പേരെച്ചങ്ങൾ. - THE ADJECTIVE PARTICIPLES - A. ശബ്ദന്യൂനങ്ങൾ. THE RELATIVE PARTICIPLES - 1. POINTS OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADVERBIAL AND ADJECTIVE PARTICIPLES
- 144. THEIR CONSTRUCTION IS RESOLVABLE BY WHO, WHICH, OR INDICATIVE “THAT,” OR BY PARTICIPLES, OR BY NOUNS (THIS PARTICIPLE, STANDS FOR ALL THE CASES OF THE ENGLISH RELATIVE PRONOUN).
- 145. PASSIVE RELATIVE PARTICIPLES ARE NOT ABSOLUTELY REQUIRED.
- 146. GENERALLY SPEAKING NO NOUN CAN BE PRECEDED BY MORE THAN ONE RELATIVE PARTICIPLE, THE ATTRIBUTES PRECEDING IT, BEING REGARDED AS ITS MODIFICATION, MUST BE CHANGED INTO ADVERBIALS.
- 147. THE MOST IMPORTANT CONJUNCTIONS (OF EUROPEAN LANGUAGES) ARE EXPRESSED BY NOUNS (ABSOLUTE OR OTHER CASES) JOINED TO RELATIVE PARTICIPLES.
- 148. പുരുഷനാമങ്ങൾ. PERSONAL NOUNS - 1. THEY ARE REAL COMPOSITIONS OF THE VERB WITH DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
- 149. SOME PERSONAL NOUNS BECOME REAL NOUNS
- 150. THE NEUTER SINGULAR REFERS TO PERSONS AS YET UNNAMED.
- 151. THE NEUTER OF THE FUTURE STANDS OFTEN FOR POSSIBILITY.
- 152. THE NEUTER ഊതു FOR OPTATIVE.
- 153. THE NEUTER IN ഇതു SERVES POETICALLY FOR THE FINITE VERB (MASCULINE, FEMININE OR NEUTER.)
- 154. THE NEUTER IN ഉതു IS RARE AND TREATED LIKE A FINITE VERB.
- 155. BECAUSE THE FOREGOING SERVE SO GENERALLY FOR THE FINITE VERB, THE NEUTER IN ൻ FOR തു IN POETRY IS SO FREQUENT.
- 156. AS ALL THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS, SO HAVE THE NEUTERS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS AN IMPORTANT INFLUENCE ON THE FORMATION OF SENTENCES.
- 157. നടുവിനയെച്ചം (ഭാവരൂപം) - THE INFINITIVE - A. പുരാണ ഭാവരൂപം THE OLD INFINITIVE.
- 158. IT STANDS BEFORE THE FOLLOWING AUXILIARY AND DEFECTIVE VERBS.
- 159. A NUMBER OF ADVERBS ARE ORIGINALLY INFINITIVES.
- 160. കകാരാന്തമുള്ള ക്രിയാനാമം- THE VERBAL NOUN IN ക— (പുതിയ നടുവിനയെച്ചം 242.) 1. ITS MONGREL FORM.
- 161. IT OCCURS IN THE INSTRUMENTAL AND LOCATIVE CASES.
- 162. THIS VERBAL NOUN EXPRESSES THE MERE ACTION OF THE VERB WITHOUT REFERENCE TO TIME, BUT MAY BE OFTEN TAKEN FOR THE INFINITIVE OF THE FUTURE OF ETERNITY AND HABIT, AND STANDS AS SUCH WITH ഉം EVEN BEFORE THE FINITE VERB.
- 163. SANSCRIT INFLUENCE IS APPARENT IN THE FORMATION OF THE PERIPHRASTIC VERB.
- 164. THIS INFINITIVE IS ALSO USED AS OPTATIVE AND IMPERATIVE.
- 165. THE OLD IMPERATIVE.
- 166. THE POSITION OF THE IMPERATIVE AND OPTATIVE IS OFTEN MORE REGULATED BY RHETORICAL EFFECT THAN BY GRAMMAR.
- 167. ശേഷം ക്രിയാനാമങ്ങൾ. THE OTHER VERBAL NOUNS.
- 168. സംഭാവനാദികൾ. - CONDITIONALS AND CONCESSIVES.
- 169. സംഭാവനകൾ. THE TWO CONDITIONALS.
- 170. അനുവാദകങ്ങൾ. THE TWO CONCESSIVES. - 1. THE CONCESSIVE FORMS ARE ESPECIALLY USED IN MERELY HYPOTHETICAL CASES.
- 171. പെടുക എന്ന സഹായക്രിയ. - THE AUXILIARY VERB. പെടുക.
- 172. IT IS USED AS FINITE VERB (INTR. VERB).
- 173. THIS VERB EXPRESSES DIRECTION TOWARDS, CHIEFLY IN THE ADVERBIALS.
- 174. IT ENTERS INTO COMPOSITION WITH THE SHORTEST OBLIQUE CASE (OF A NOUN) AND THEN REPRESENTS DIRECTION INTO, SITUATION IN, SUFFERING FROM ETC.
- 175. IT IS OFTEN FOUND WITH THE INFINITIVES OF NEUTRAL VERBS (WITH THE APPEARANCE OF PASSIVE VERBS).
- 176. ACTIVE VERBS ARE FORMED FROM THESE NEUTRAL OR MEDIAL VERBS.
- 177. THE PASSIVE OF THE SANSCRIT IS FOUND TRANSLATED BY പെടുക CONNECTED WITH THE INFINITIVE OF ACTIVE VERBS.
- 178. PASSIVES MAY BE RENDERED.
- 179. സംബന്ധക്രിയ. THE COPULA.
- 180. IT IS MOST EXTENSIVELY USED TO FORM COMPOUND VERBS.
- 181. WHEN CONSTRUCTED WITH THE DATIVE AND LOCATIVE IT SIGNIFIES TO COME INTO A DIRECTION OR SITUATION.
- 182. THE COPULA CONNECTS WHOLE SENTENCES.
- 183. THE COPULA STANDS EMPHATICALLY BEFORE THE PREDICATE.
- 184. THE DIFFERENT FLECTIONS OF THE COPULA.
- 185. THE CONTRACTED FORM WITH THE OLD INFINITIVE HAS TWO MEANINGS.
- 186. THE PRESENT CAN ALSO HAVE THIS FUTURE MEANING.
- 187. THE FIRST FUTURE SERVES ALSO TO EXPRESS LIKELIHOOD.
- 188. ആവു THE SECOND FUTURE. - 1. SIGNIFIES LIKEWISE POSSIBILITY, BUT THE ADDITION OF ഏ, WITH WHICH IT IS GENERALLY FOUND CONSTRUCTED, RENDERS THIS POSSIBILITY EXCLUSIVE, OR CHANGES IT EVEN INTO NECESSITY.
- 189. JOINED TO NEUTER VERBAL NOUNS AND TO PAST TENSE (OH, THAT I MIGHT).
- 190. WITH മതി OBLIGATION OR A STRONG WISH IS EXPRESSED IT WILL OR CAN SUFFICE.
- 191. THE USE OF ആവോ!
- 192. ആയി THE ADVERBIAL PARTICIPLE (having become, being such). 1. IT GIVES ADVERBIAL POWER TO THE PRECEDING NOUN.
- 193. IN MODERN LANGUAGE IT IS VERY OFTEN STRENGTHENED BY THE ADDITION OF THE PARTICIPLE ഇട്ട്, CHIEFLY AFTER DATIVES AND SECOND ADVERBIALS.
- 194. BEFORE ACTIVE VERBS ആക്കി MAY OFTEN BE REQUIRED FOR ആയി.
- 195. ആയാക്ക, THOUGH HARDLY JUSTIFIED, OCCURS NOW AND THEN.
- 196. WHOLE MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSITION ARE RENDERED ADVERBIAL BY THE ADDITION OF ആയി IN THE SAME OF എന്നു.
- 197. THE RELATIVE PARTICIPLES (ആകുന്ന, ആയ etc.)
- 198. THE PERSONAL NOUNS (ആകുന്നവൻ, ആയവൻ etc.) 669. പേരെച്ചങ്ങളാൽ ഉണ്ടാകുന്ന പുരുഷനാമങ്ങൾ: 1. AS DETERMINATIVES OF A PRECEDING NOUN (=DEFINITE ARTICLE).
- 199. OR REFERRING TO THE CONTENTS OF A WHOLE SENTENCE. (=DEMONSTRATIVES).
- 200. ആവതു HAS BECOME A REAL NOUN.
- 201. INFINITIVE, VERBAL NOUN, OPTATIVE, CONDITIONALS ETC. 1. THE INFINITIVE IS USED FOR ആയി IN A FEW STANDING ADVERBS=SO AS TO BE
- 202. THE VERBAL NOUNS (AS INDEFINITE NUMBERS AND IN THE INSTRUM).
- 203. THE FORE OPTATIVE (STANDS SINGLY FOR THE SANSCRIT PARTICLES തു, ഹി, വൈ AND MAL. ഓ).
- 204. THE CONIDITIONALS ARE ADDED TO SIMPLE SENTENCES BY A MORE OR LESS INTIMATE UNION (=എങ്കിൽ ETC.) AND SOMETIMES TO SINGLE WORDS.
- 205. THE CONCESSIVES ARE USED WITH INTERROGATIVES, NUMERALS ETC.
- 206. COMPOUND VERBS WITH ആക AND ആക്ക (APPENDIX). Other Verbs of a general meaning may supplant there auxiliaries.
- 207. ഊനക്രിയകളായ THE DEFECTIVE VERBS.
- 208. IT WAS FORMERLY USED AS FINITE VERB, BUT LIVES AT PRESENT ONLY IN ITS PARTICIPLES, INFINITIVE AND SECONDARY FORMATIONS.
- 209. എന്നു മുൻവിനയെച്ചം The Verbal Participle (having nsaid, being said, sounding) is used:
- 210. പിൻവിനയെച്ചം THE FUTURE ADVERBIAL.
- 211. നടുവിനയെച്ചം THE INFINITIVES.
- 212. പേരെച്ചങ്ങൾ THE RELATIVE PARTICIPLES. a. ഭൂതത്തിൻ്റെ പേരെച്ചം THE RELATIVE PAST PARTICIPLE. 1. THE SIMPLE RELATIVE PAST PARTICIPLE IS NOT VERY COMMON.
- 213. THE COMPOUND RELATIVE PARTICIPLES HAVE SUPPLANTED THE SIMPLE ONE IN COMMON LANGUAGE.
- 214. MORE COMMON ARE THE COMBINATIONS WITH THE NOUNS ആറു AND പോൾ AND THE INFINITIVE പോലെ, TREATED AS NOUN.
- 215. ഭാവിയുടെ പേരെച്ചങ്ങൾ.
- 216. പുരുഷനാമങ്ങൾ THE RELATIVE NOUNS.
- 217. സംഭാവനകൾ THE CONDITIONALS.
- 218. അനുവാദകങ്ങൾ THE CONCESSIVES.
- 219. കാണുക (കണ്ടു) TO SEE (v. a.) TO APPEAR, BE SEEN (v. n.)- 1. IT EXPRESSES WHAT IS PERCEIVED BY THE SENSES, AS BEING SUCH.
- 220. IT EXPRESSES CONTINUANCE OF AN ACTION.
- 221. IN MODERN PROSE IT IS USED WITH THE FIRST ADVERBIAL PARTICIPLE, CHIEFLY OF THE NEGATIVE, TO STRENGTHEN IT.
- 222. പോലുക TO BE LIKE.
- 223. THE OLD INFINITIVE പോല GOVERNING THE ACCUSATIVE OR NEUTER NOMINATIVE.
- 224. പോൽ IS A VERBAL NOUN, OR AN ABBREVIATION OF THE INFINITIVE.
- 225. IT SIGNIFIES ALSO CONFESSEDLY, AVOWEDLY, UNDENIABLY TO SHOW, THAT A STATEMENT IS ACCEPTED AS TRUE BY THE SPEAKER AND HEARER, TO INTRODUCE A QUOTATION OR TO MAKE KNOWN SOMETHING BEYOND DOUBT.
- 226. മുൻവിനയെച്ചങ്ങളോടു ചേരുന്ന സഹായക്രിയകൾ - AUXILIARY VERBS AFFIXED TO PAST PARTICIPLES.
- 227. സകൎമ്മകസഹായക്രിയകൾ - TRANSITIVE AUXILIARY VERBS.
- 228. AS AUXILIARY VERB IT SIGNIFIES, THAT THE AGENT TAKES THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ACT IN HIS OWN HANDS (JOINED TO NEUTER VERBS).
- 229. THAT THE AGENT APPLIES THE ACTION FOR HIS OWN BENEFIT (MOSTLY WITH ACTIVE VERBS=MEDIAL FORM).
- 230. GENERALLY, THAT THE AGENT HOLDS THE ACTION AND PREVENTS ITS COMING TO A CLOSE.
- 231. THIS AUXILIARY IS FOUND COALESCING WITH THE PRECEDING ADVERBIAL PARTICIPLE IN TWO WAYS.
- 232. ഇടുക-(ഇട്ടു) TO PUT.
- 233. FORMING PERFECTS AND PLUPERFECTS.
- 234. MARKING PRECEDENCE OF TIME.
- 235. WITH CAUSAL POWER.
- 236. TO MAKE ADVERBS YET MORE ADVERBIAL AND TO CONVERT NOUNS INTO ADJECTIVES, (ADNOUNS).
- 237. ൟടുക (ൟടി)=ഇടുക, വിടുക.
- 238. വെക്ക (വെച്ചു) TO PUT, PLACE.
- 239. വിടുക (വിട്ടു) TO LEAVE, LET.
- 240. കളക (ഞ്ഞു) TO THROW, GET OFF.
- 241. കൊടുക്ക(ത്തു)തരിക (തന്നു) TO GIVE.
- 242. THESE VERBS SIGNIFY AS AUXILIARIES THE ACTING FOR ANOTHERS BENEFIT.
- 243. അരുളുക (ളി) TO DESIGN, GRANT ETC.
- 244. അകൎമ്മകസഹായക്രിയകൾ - INTRANSITIVE AUXILIARY VERBS.
- 245. TO FORM PERFECTS (WITH ITS PRESENT TENSE).
- 246. TO FORM PLUPERFECTS (WITH ITS PAST TENSE); THOUGH ഇട്ടു IS PREFERABLE, AS ഇരുന്നു IS MORE COMMONLY EMPLOYED TO MARK AN IMPERFECT CONTINUING ACTION).
- 247. WHOLE VERBS ARE FORMED.
- 248. SUBSTITUTES FOR (TO) ABIDE.
- 249. പോക (പോയി) TO GO
- 250. THE FUTURE EXPRESSES ALSO ABILITY AND POSSIBILITY.
- 251. വരിക (വന്നു) TO COME.
- 252. IT EXPRESSES THE MERE TENSE WITH DEFECTIVE VERBS OR WITH VERBS OF POSSIBILITY AND NECESSITY, WHICH—HAVING THE FORM OF A FUTURE—, APPLY BY THEMSELVES TO ANY TIME.
- 253. OFTEN WITH NOUNS IN THE SENSE OF HAPPENING, BEFALLING, OCCURRING ETC.
- 254. പോരുക (പോന്നു) TO COME ALONG.
- 255. കൂട്ടുക (കൂടി) TO JOIN, FIT.
- 256. കഴിയുക (കഴിഞ്ഞു) TO PASS.
- 257. ഊനക്രിയകൾ DEFECTIVE VERBS.
- 258. THAT, OF WHICH EXISTENCE IS AFFIRMED, MUST PROPERLY BE A NOUN; HENCE THE PROPER CONSTRUCTION OF ഉണ്ടു WITH VERBS IS TO CONNECT IT WITH THE VERBAL NOUNS.
- 259. MORE GENERALLY IS TREATED AS AN ADVERBIAL NOUN, AND LOOSELY JOINED TO THE PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.
- 260. IN POETRY ഉണ്ടു IS OFTEN TRANSPOSED AND TREATED AS PARTICLE.
- 261. THE RELATIVE PARTICIPLE ഉള്ള IS USED BY ITSELF.
- 262. ഇല്ല (ൟല) “THERE IS NOT.”
- 263. അല്ല IS NOT THAT, NOT THUS.
- 264. അല്ല, DENYING QUALITY STANDS AFTER NOUNS, ESPECIALLY NOMINATIVE.
- 265. IT STANDS AFTER VERBS, CHIEFLY INFINITIVE (AND VERBAL NOUNS).
- 266. IT STANDS BETWEEN TWO SENTENCES (THE LATTER OFTEN LEFT UNEXPRESSED) IN THE SENSE OF NOT, BUT.
- 267. അല്ല IN THE MEANING OF NOT MERELY, BUT.
- 268. അല്ല STANDS FOR അല്ലായ്കിൽ F. I.
- 269. THE ADVERBIAL അല്ലാതേ PARTAKES OF THE DIFFERENT SIGNIFICATIONS OF അല്ല AND കൂടാതേ. F. I.
- 270. SUBSTITUTES FOR അല്ലാതേ VIZː
- 271. COMBINATION WITH PARTICLES.
- 272. IT IS CONSTRUCTED WITH THE INFINITIVE OR A NOUN IN THE NOMINATIVE; THE PERSON, WHO REQUIRES STANDING IN THE DATIVE.
- 273. വേണം WITH THE MODERN INFINITIVE IS MORE POLITE. THE SAME IS REQUIRED AFTER ഉ AND ഏ F. I.
- 274. വേണ്ടു WITH എന്നു AND OTHER PAST ADVERBIALS.
- 275. വേണം WITH BOTH ADVERBIALS SIGNIFIES, WHAT IS TO BE DONE IN THE FIRST PLACE, IN ORDER THAT SOME OTHER ACTION MAY TAKE PLACE.
- 276. ELLIPSIS OF ആക AND ചെയ്ക ARE VERY COMMON BOTH WITH വേണം അരുതു, നല്ലൂ AND നല്ലതു F. I.
- 277. THE ADVERBIAL വേണ്ടി IS USED WITH DATIVE OR SECOND ADVERBIALS.
- 278. THE RELATIVE PARTICIPLES ARE USED WITHOUT ANY TEMPORAL DISTINCTIONS THAT OF THE PRESENT IS MORE COMMON; THAT OF THE FUTURE CHIEFLY IN POETRY OR IN STANDING PHRASES.
- 279. THE NOUNS OF THE RELATIVE PARTICIPLES.
- 280. THE NEGATIVE (FOR WHICH ALSO വേണ്ടീല്ല ETC. ARE USED) DECLARES, THAT AN ACT OR THING BE NOT REQUIRED.
- 281. എന്നു വേണ്ടാ=“NOT MERELY THAT, BUT ALSO.
- 282. അരുതു “OUGHT NOT TO BE. - 1. THE DEFECTIVE IS THE NEGATIVE OF MUST AND STANDS OFTEN LIKE അല്ല BEFORE വേണം. IN ITS USE IT SHOWS MANY ANALOGIES WITH വേണം, ELLIPSIS OF ആക ETC.
- 283. THIS DEFECTIVE VERB IS CHIEFLY USED WITH THE SENSE OF IMPOSSIBILITY (CHIEFLY WITH THE SECOND ADVERBIAL).
- 284. വൽ (വല്ല്) “TO CAN.
- 285. In the Negative നിഷേധത്തിൽ 317, 7.
- 286. In the form ofː
- 287. നല്ലൂ (നൽ) “TO BECOME, FIT, SUIT.
- 288. തക്ക (തകു.) “TO FIT, ANSWER - 1. THIS DEFECTIVE VERB STANDS BY ITSELF.
- 289. WITH DATIVE AND SECOND ADVERBIALS.
- 290. WITH INFINITIVE.
- 291. തക്കവണ്ണം WITH SECOND ADVERBIAL (OR INFINITIVE IS USED LIKE 583 IN THE MODERN PROSE OF SOUTH MALABAR.
- 292. THE FUTURE RELATIVE PRONOUN.
- 293. അവ്യയാധികാരം. - SYNTAX OF PARTICLES.
- 294. ഏ —“ അവ്യയം.
- 295. IT SERVES IN DECLENSIONS.
- 296. IT ADVERBIALIZES NOUNS.
- 297. IT IS EMPHATIC, CHIEFLY AFTER ഉം IN INDEFINITE NUMERALS.
- 298. IT STANDS WITH RESTRICTIVE, CONFINING, LIMITING POWER; ESPECIALLY WITH SECOND FUTURES.
- 299. ITS INTERROGATIVE POWER IS ESPECIALLY PRESERVED IN SOME NEGATIVE VERBS.
- 300. THE ADVERSATIVE OR ABSOLUTE SIGNIFICATION OF ഒ IS ALSO FOUND IN ഏ, BUT RARELY.
- 301. ഏ HAS ALSO THE COPULATIVE POWER OF ഉം, YET ONLY WITH NUMERALS.
- 302. ഓ അവ്യയം.
- 303. IN SIMPLE QUESTIONS. - വെറും ചോദ്യങ്ങളിൽ.
- 304. IN DISJUNCTIVE QUESTIONS.
- 305. IN DISJUNCTIVE AFFIRMATIONS EITHER—OR.
- 306. IN RELATIVE SENTENCES FORMED WITH INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS (FOUND IN SOUTHERN BIBLICAL LANGUAGE).
- 307. WITH ADVERSATIVE POWER IN A NUMBER OF CASES.
- 308. IT MARKS EFFECT IN SPEECH.
- 309. HENCE ഓ MAY OCCUR TWICE WITH DIFFERENT SHADES OF MEANING IN A SIMPLE SENTENCE—OFTEN DIFFICULT TO BE ACCOUNTED FOR.
- 310. SUBSTITUTES FOR ഓ ARE THE FOLLOWING.
- 311. ആ അവ്യയം.
- 312. ആ (IN TELUGU AND TAMIL SIMPLE INTERROGATIVE) IS VERY RARELY USED IN MALAYALAM FOR THE PURPOSE OF QUESTIONING.
- 313. IT IS MORE FREQUENTLY USED INTERJECTIONALLY OR DEMONSTRATIVELY.
- 314. IT POSSESSES NEGATIVE POWER.
- 315. ൟ അവ്യയം.
- 316. ഉം അവ്യയം.
- 317. IT CONNECTS NOUNS, BEING REPEATED AFTER EACH OTHER.
- 318. WHEN A SINGLE NOUN RECEIVES ഉം IT DENOTES ALSO, EVEN.
- 319. WITH NUMERALS AND NUMERAL ADJECTIVES IT DENOTES COMPLETENESS.
- 320. WITH VERBAL PARTICIPLES IT MARKS:
- 321. WITH INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS THE ഉം OCCURS VERY FREQUENTLY, ESPECIALLY BEFORE CLOSING ചെയ്തു, ആം, വേണം ETC.
- 322. RARELY WITH RELATIVE PARTICIPLES, AS ALSO WITH ADJECTIVES.
- 323. ഉം IS OFTEN WANTING IN POETRY.
- 324. ശേഷം ഉഭയാന്വയീകങ്ങൾ. - “THE OTHER COPULATIVES.”
- 325. മറ്റും=MOREOVER, FARTHER.
- 326. നിരൎത്ഥകങ്ങൾ EXPLETIVES.
- 327. സ്ഥലവാചികൾ LOCAL EXPLETIVES.
- 328. കാലവാചികൾ TEMPORAL EXPLETIVES. - 1. ഇന്നു (FOR PRESENT TIME IN THE WIDEST SENSE).
- 329. PRONOMINAL AND NUMERAL EXPLETIVES.
- 330. INTERJECTIONAL EXPLETIVES.
- 331. രൂപകാലങ്കാരം. - FIGURES OF SPEECH.
- 332. പദാവൎത്തനം - THE REPETITION OF A WORD.
- 333. THIS MAY EITHER ARISE FROM EMPHASIS (INTERJECTIONAL).
- 334. OR IT IS DISTRIBUTIVE, ITERATIVE, FREQUENTATIVE, AND CONTINUATIVE.
- 335. IT FORMS NEW WORDS (NOT WITHOUT SANSCRIT ANALOGY).
- 336. അദ്ധ്യാരോപം. - THE ELLIPSIS (ASYNDETON).
- 337. സംക്ഷിപ്തവദനം. BRACHYOLOGY.
- 338. അനുബന്ധവിസൎജ്ജനം ANACOLUTHON.
- 339. തസ്യാന്തരേന്യസ്തം PARENTHESIS.
- 340. സമാസങ്ങൾ. - COMPOSITA.
- 341. OF VERBS WITH VERBS (AUXILIARY).
- 342. OF NOUNS WITH VERBS.
- 343. OF VERBS WITH NOUNS.
- 344. OF NOUNS WITH NOUNS. THE SANSCRIT GIVES SIX CLASSES OF THEM.
- 345. ദ്വന്ദ്വം (COPULATIVE).
- 346. POSSESSIVE (with Adjective Participles, Numerals, Pronouns, Adverbials and Substantives in the first member).
- 347. DETERMINATIVE. (This is the general adjectival connexion of Malayalam).
- 348. DEPENDANCE. (In all cases, so however that in Malayalam the Locative be the most easily supplied).
- 349. ദ്വിഗു COLLECTIVE.
- 350. അവ്യയീഭാവം ADVERBIALS.
- 351. THERE IS A LOOSER AND A CLOSER COMPOSITION.
- 352. THE NANNUL SAYS THERE ARE 6 KINDS OF COMPOSITA. - നന്നൂലിൽ ആറുവകസമാസങ്ങൾ പറയുന്നതി വണ്ണം
- 353. സമാസവിശേഷങ്ങൾ.
- 354. ദ്വിരൎത്ഥകം AMBIGUITY.