029 RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

64. The relative pronoun being supplied in a way that renders it necessary in translating, to reverse the order of English senternces, where the relative occurs, more than ordinary application is required in studying this part of the grammar.
65. The relative pronoun is included in the participle; on which account it will be necessary to exhibit the formation of the participle so far as may be required for the elucidation of the relative.
66. Malayalim Participles See para 114 on this Subject. are two in number: the present and the past; these in some cases, refer to verbs only; in others, include the relative pronoun; for this reason it will be of assistance to divide them
into two kinds under the appellation of relative, and verbal participles.
67. The present participle always ends in ന്ന: the past, has various
terminations according to the conjugation of the verb; as,

68. When any of the above forms has reference to a noun following in the sentence; or when a noun or pronoun is affixed to it; the participle becomes a relative of any gender, number, or case; and the relative refers, not as in English, to the word going before, but to that which follows it. The relative is understood to be included in the last letter of the participle, and in such a case as the sentence may require.
69. To impress this subject upon the memory, as well as to facilitate the reading of Native Works; I shall here insert a number of examples of words of this kind written in two ways; selecting nouns whose initial letters are vowels, and consequently most liable to mutation.
1st. Examples of words affixed to the present participles.
ചൊല്ലുന്നവൻ—ചൊല്ലുന്നവൻ, He who is speaking.
ചൊല്ലുന്നാൾ—ചൊല്ലുന്ന ആൾ, The person who is speaking.
ചൊല്ലുന്നിവൾ—ചൊല്ലുന്ന ഇവൾ. This female who is speaking.
പറക്കുന്നീച്ച—പറക്കുന്ന ൟച്ച, The fly that is flying.
തുടങ്ങുന്നുത്സവം—തുടങ്ങുന്ന ഉത്സവം. The feast that is commencing.
അവൻ തുറക്കുന്നൂട്ടപുര—അവൻ തുറക്കുന്ന ഉട്ടപുര The eating room that he is opening.
ഒടുന്നെലി—ഒടുന്ന എലി. The rat that is nunning.
ചെയ്യുന്നൈകമത്യം—ചെയ്യുന്ന ഐകമത്യം. The reconciliation that is effecting.
വഞ്ചിക്കുന്നൊറ്റാളി—വഞ്ചിക്കുന്ന ഒറ്റാളി. The betrayer who is deceiving.
അവൻ സെവിക്കുന്നൌഷധം—അവൻ സെവിക്കുന്ന ഔഷധം. The medicine that he is drinking.
2nd. Examples of words affixed to the past participle.
ചൊല്ലിയവൻ—ചൊല്ലിയവൻ. He who spoke.
ചൊല്ലിയാൾ—ചൊല്ലിയ ആൾ. The person that spoke.
പറന്നീച്ച—പറന്ന ൟച്ച. The fly that flew.
തുടങ്ങ്യുത്സവം—തുടങ്ങിയ ഉത്സവം The feast that was began.
തുറന്നൂട്ടപുര—തുറന്ന ഊട്ടപുര. The eating room that was open.
ഒടിയെലി—ഒടിയ എലി. The rat which ran.
ചെയ്തൈകമത്യം—ചെയ്ത ഐകമത്യം The reconciliation that was effected.
അവൻ സെവിച്ചൌഷധം—അവൻ സെവിച്ചഔഷധം. The medicine that he drank.
70. Relative participles are formed from all sorts of verbs, and are often qualified by the helping verbs; as,
പൊയിരിക്കുന്നവൻ, He who hath gone.
പഠിച്ചിരുന്നവൻ, He who had learned.
അവൻ ചെയ്തിട്ടുള്ള കാൎയ്യം, The business which he hath done.
71. Examples of relative participles formed from verbs of different classes.
1st. From verbs Instransitive.
Present Indicative, അറിയുന്നു, To know; be acquainted with.
„ Participle അറിയുന്ന.
അവൻ അറിയുന്ന സ്ത്രീ, The woman whom he knows.
2nd. From verbs Transitive.
Present Indicative. സ്നെഹിക്കുന്നു.
„ Participle. സ്നെഹിക്കുന്ന.
എന്നെ സ്നെഹിക്കുന്ന ഒരുത്തി. One (fem. gen.) who loves me.
3rd. From causal verbs.
Present Indicative. അടിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. To cause to beat.
„ Participle. അടിപ്പിക്കുന്ന.
അടിപ്പിക്കുന്നവൻ. He who is causing to beat.
4th. From verbs Passive.
Present Indicative. അടിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു. To be beaten.
„ Participle അടിക്കപ്പെടുന്ന.
അടിക്കപ്പെടുന്ന പശു. The cow which is beaten.
72. Negative relative participles are formed, from the negative verbal participle, by dropping the എ and doubling the last consonant; as,
Present Negative verbal participle. സ്നെഹിക്കാതെ.
„ „ relative „ സ്നെഹിക്കാത്ത.
„ സ്നെഹിക്കാത്തവൻ. He who does not love.
Past negative participles are formed from the tenses of negative verbs; as,
സ്നെഹിക്കാഞ്ഞവൾ. She who did not love.
സ്നെഹിച്ചിട്ടില്ലാത്തവൾ. She who hath not loved.
73. Sentences connected with this part of speech, that have a future signification, or one implying duty, obligation, etc., assume a variety of forms; as,
പൊകുവാൻ മനസ്സുള്ളവന്ന സമ്മാനം കിട്ടും.
He who will, or, is willing to go will get a reward.
പൊകുവാൻ ഇരിക്കുന്നവൻ.
He who shall, or, is to go.
അവൻ നടപ്പാനുള്ള വഴി.
The way in which he ought to walk.
അവൻ നടക്കണമെന്നുള്ള വഴി.
The way in which he must walk.
അവൻ നടക്കെണ്ടുന്ന വഴി.
The way in which he should walk.
74. Our word, what, when used relatively is formed by adding the neuter pronoun അത, to the relative participle; as, വെണ്ടുന്നത.
ഇനിക്ക വെണ്ടുന്നത ഇതാകുന്നു.
This is what I want.
ആ മനുഷ്യൻ തന്നാൽ കഴിയുന്നത, or, കഴിയുന്നതിനെ ചെയ്തിട്ടുണ്ട.
That man hath done what he could; lit: that which he can.
75. Our world that, considered as a relative is formed in the same way.
ഇന്നലെ നിനക്ക വന്നത സംകടമുള്ളതാകുന്നു.
That which happened to you yesterday is grievous.