023 ON THE FORMATION OF THE NOUNS.

58. Besides the primitive nouns, as പശു, a cow; സത്യം, truth, &c: there are others formed in various ways; as,
RULE I. Personal nouns, in common use, are formed by the help of the particle കാരൻ, signifying an agent, affixed to neuter nouns; thus,
1st. If the noun ends in ം; the ം is dropped, and the first letter of the adjunct is doubled; as, തൊട്ടം, a garden; തൊട്ടക്കാരൻ, a gardener.
2nd. If the noun terminates in ട, or റ, these letters are doubled and the affix undergoes no change; as,
ചുമട, A burden. ചുമട്ടകാരൻ, A porter.
കയറ, Rope. കയറ്റകാരൻ, Rope maker.
3rd. If the noun ends in ൽ; the ൽ is sometimes changed into its corresponding initial, and the first letter of the affix is doubled; as,
കാവൽ, Watch. കാവല്ക്കാരൻ, Watchman.
4th. If the noun terminates with the half sound of അ; the particle is affixed without any change; as,
പുല്ല, Grass. പുല്ലകാരൻ, Grasscutter.
5th. In most other cases, the noun remains unaltered; but the first letter of the affix is doubled; as,
കുതിര Horse. കുതിരക്കാരൻ, Horse-keeper.
തൂമ്പാ, Hoe. തുമ്പാക്കാരൻ, Digger.
കൂലി Fare, Hire. കൂലിക്കാരൻ. Labourer.
6th. The feminine, of the above nouns, is formed by adding കാരത്തി, sometimes കാരി, instead of കാരൻ. In other respects the same rules apply to both genders; as,
വെലക്കാരി, Workwoman.
അടിച്ചതളിക്കാരത്തി, Female sweeper.
RULE II. Some nouns, of the above description, are formed by the help of the last letter of the personal pronoun അവൻ. In such cases the last letter, sometimes the last syllable, of the noun is dropped and ൻ affixed to the remainder of the word; as,
കള്ളം, Falsehood, Theft. കള്ളൻ, Thief, Liar.
അശുദ്ധം, Uncleanness. അശുദ്ധൻ, Unclean, Unholy (man.)
ഭൊഷത്വം, Folly. ഭൊഷൻ, Fool.
നീചത്വം. Vileness. നീചൻ, Vile (man.)
The feminine, of many of these words, is formed by adding ഇ, instead of ൻ, കള്ളൻ,—കള്ളി: ഭൊഷൻ,—ഭൊഷി.
Others are formed by the help of a participle and feminine pronoun: as,
അശുദ്ധൻ,-അശുദ്ധിയുള്ളവൾ.
In a few cases of words, derived from the Sanscrit, the Sanscrit termination of the feminine is retained; as,
From നീചത്വം, comes നീചാ, A vile woman.
„ ദുഷ്ടത, „ ദുഷ്ടാ, Bad woman.
RULE III. A few nouns, ending with the vowel sound of അ, take the termination ൻ, without any abbreviation, or change of the letters; as,
വയസ്സ, Age. വയസ്സൻ, Aged man.
മൂപ്പ, Ripeness. മൂപ്പൻ, Old man.
Rule IV. Many nouns ending in ം, are made personal by ആൻ. In these cases, the ം is dropped, and to render the pronunciation smooth, a വ is inserted between the noun and affix. Nouns of this kind that end in ഇ retain all their letters and take മ between the noun and affix; as,
ശൌൎയ്യം, Valour. ശൌൎയ്യവാൻ, Valiant (man.)
ഭാഗ്യം, Blessedness, Luck. ഭാഗ്യവാൻ, Happy, „
ശക്തി, Strength. ശക്തിമാൻ, Strong, „
ബുദ്ധി, Sense; Prudence. ബുദ്ധിമാൻ, Sensible, „
Feminine nouns are made from masculines that end in വാൻ, by dropping ആൻ, and adding തി; as,
ശൌൎയ്യവാൻ,—ശൌൎയ്യവതി. ഭാഗ്യവാൻ,—ഭാഗ്യവതി.
Nouns ending in മാൻ, usually make the feminine with the participle and pronoun; as, ബുദ്ധിയുള്ളവൾ. In the same way may be made feminine nouns from those ending in വാൻ; as, ഭാഗ്യമുള്ളവൾ.
Rule V. A few nouns ending in ം, drop the ം and the Sanscrit word സ്ഥൻ; which literally means ഇരിക്കുന്നവൻ, He who is; or sits; as,
സ്വൎഗ്ഗം, Heaven. സ്വൎഗ്ഗസ്ഥൻ Heavenly one, or He who is in heaven.
മദ്ധ്യം, Middle. മദ്ധ്യസ്ഥൻ Mediator.
RULE VI. Some words of this class omit ം, and add ഇ, which, in a few cases, denote both Masculine and Feminine Gender; as പാപം Sin; പാപി, Sinner, whether male or female, ജ്ഞാനം, Wisdom; ജ്ഞാനി, Wise person; but in most instances of this kind, it is better to use the form made with the participle and pronoun for the feminine; as,
ജ്ഞാനമുള്ളവൾ, A wise woman.
RULE VII. Other words of the same class are formed from neuter nouns, and the Sanscrit word ശാലി; and some few by ആളി; as,
പരാക്രമം, Renown. പരാക്രമശാലി, Mighty man
നീതി, Justice. നീതിശാലി, Just man.
തെര, Carriage. തെരാളി, Coachman.
പട, War. പടയാളി, Soldier.
ഇരപ്പ. Beggary, ഇരപ്പാളി, Beggar.
The feminine of such words are variously formed; as,
നീതിശാലി or നീതിയുള്ളവൾ, Just woman. The first form in Sanscrit though now adapted into the Malayalim Language.
ഇരപ്പാളി. Signifies Male or Female Beggar.
RULE VIII. A few nouns denoting character, or quality, are formed by the aid of ത്വം, affixed to words; in which case they are either abbreviated or not, according to the description of the words prefixed; as,
ദൈവം, God. ദൈവത്വം, Godhead.
മനുഷ്യൻ, Man. മനുഷ്യത്വം, Manhood.
രാജാവ, King. രാജത്വം, Regal Dominion.
മൃദു, Soft. മൃദുത്വം, Softness.
ലഘു, Light. ലഘുത്വം, Lightness, wanting weight.
Some words of this class are formed from abstract nouns by omitting the last letter of the noun and adding ത; as ശുദ്ധം, Holiness in the abstract, come ശുദ്ധത, the character or quality of holiness.
From മലിനം, comes മലിനത, Filthiness.
„ ഹീനം, „ ഹീനത, Vileness.
RULE IX. Many abstract nouns are made by the help of പ്പം added to adjectives; in which case the adjective is abbreviated; as,
വലിയ, Great. വലിപ്പം, Greatness.
പെരുത്ത, Many. പെരുപ്പം, Numerousness.
കടുത്ത, Hard. കടുപ്പം Hardness.
ചെറിയ, Small. ചെറുപ്പം, Smallness.
RULE X. Privation, or contrariety, is denoted by prefixing the letter അ to nouns; or affixing the particle കെട, signifying loss; from the verb കെടുന്നു to lose, spoil, &c. In the same sense ഇല്ലായ്മ, softened down from ഇല്ലായ്ക, a verbal noun from the imperfect negative verb ഇല്ല; not to have, or to be; and ക്ഷയം signifying waste, decay, are affixed to words; as,
അശുദ്ധത, Unholiness; from അ and ശുദ്ധത, Holiness.
പ്രാപ്തികെട, Disability; „ കെട „ പ്രാപ്തി, Ability.
സ്നെഹമില്ലായ്മ, Uncharitableness; „ ഇല്ലായ്മ „ സ്നെഹം, Love.
മാനക്ഷയം, Disrepute; „ ക്ഷയം „ മാനം, Honor.
RULE XI. Many nouns are formed from Verbs and Participles the nature of which, will be more clearly understood, when the Student has made himself acquainted with the verbs; but for the sake of easy reference the formation of such nouns will be here pointed out; thus,
Neuter verbal nouns are formed from the present tense of verbs.
1st. By dropping the last syllable ഉന്നു from verbs that end in ക്കുന്നു; as,
2nd. If there by no ക in the present tense, the last consonant is dropped, and a single ക added; as,
In a few instances, nouns are made from the last class of verbs, by dropping ഉന്നു, and adding ഉക; as,

3rd. If the present tense ends in യ്യുന്നു; the latter യ, and ഉന്നു, are dropped; and a single ക added to the remainder of the word; as,

4th. Negative nouns, of the above description, are formed by dropping ഉന്നു of the present indicative, and adding ആയ്ക്ക, or ആയ്ക; as,

RULE XII. Personal nouns are formed from the participles by adding the pronouns അവൻ He, അവൾ She, അത It; and their plurals: thus,

Negatives, of this class of words are formed by adding the pronouns as above to the negative participle, from which എ has been removed and its last letter ത doubled; as,