012 PARTICLES.

26. As the particles are much used in the formation of the other parts of speech, it will be necessary to commence this part of the Grammar with the study of them.
27. In attempting to classify the Particles a difficulty arises in consequence of the same assemblage of letters forming, in different connexions, different parts of speech; but the following arrangement will show the senses in which they are commonly used.
28. The following particles are derived from the Sanscrit, and prefixed to nouns, and verbs derived from Sanscrit nouns.
1st. പ്ര. A preposition signifying forth, for, off; it also denotes, excess. etc.: as, പ്രമൊദം, The highest degree of joy; from പ്ര and മൊദം Joy.
2nd. പര. Sometimes in composition signifies completeness, but it properly means, other, another, etc.; as,
പരലൊകം, Another or the other world; from പര and ലൊകം world.
പരദെശി, Stranger; from പര and ദെശി Countryman.
3rd. സം. This particle, in composition, signifies completeness.
സംപൂൎണ്ണം or സമ്പൂൎണ്ണം complete, fulness; from സം and പൂൎണ്ണം fulness.
4th. അതി, Beyond, in point of times, place, and degree. In composition it often implies, very much, exceedingly, etc.; as,
അതിവെദന, The greatest pain; from അതി and വെദന Pain.
5th. പരി, About, around, also exceedingly etc.; as,
പരിതാപം, Excessive sorrow: from പരി and താപം Sorrow.
6th. അനു, After, in point of place, time, or degree. In composition it often signifies, according to, in imitation of, behind, etc.; as,
അനുതാപം, Repentence; from അനു and താപം, Grief.
അനുഗമനം, Walking after; from അനു and ഗമനം, Walk.
7th. അഭി, Before, in time and place or opposite to; as,
അഭിമുഖമായിട്ട, Face to face; from അഭി and മുഖം, Face.
8th. വി, in connexion, has different and opposite meanings. as,
നാശം, Destruction, വിനാശം. Same meaning but more intense.
വിരൂപം, Shapelessness; from വി and രൂപം, Shape.
9th. നിർ or നിസ, in composition, gives a contrary meaning to words, as,

In the last example the ഭ is doubled for the sake of sound.
n a few cases നിർ renders words more intensive, and in such instances the first letter of the word affixed is, generally, doubled; as,
നിർബ്ബന്ധം, Constraint: from നിർ and ബന്ധം Bond, Tie.
10th. അപ or അവ, implies privacy, and is often employed in a bad sense; as,
അപമാനം, Disgrace; from അപ and മാനം, Honor.
അപകീർത്തി, Infamy; ,, അവ ,, കീൎത്തി, Fame.
11th. അ in connexion signifies without, or privation; as,
അസത്യം, Falsehood; from അ and സത്യം, Truth.
അവിശ്വാസം. Unbelief; ,, ,, ,, വിശ്വസം, Faith.
അന്യായം, Injustice; ,, ,, ,, ന്യായം, Justice.
12th. പ്രതി, Again, against, for, back again. In composition it has three meanings.
First. as a particle of distribution: in this case it is affixed to the nominative case of nouns, and sometimes to other words; as,
ദിവസംപ്രതി, Day by day.
ആളാംപ്രതി, Person by person.
Second. Prefixed to nouns it conveys the sense of reciprocity; as,
പ്രതിവാദി, Defendant; from വാദി Plaintiff.
പ്രത്യുത്തരം, Reply; ,, ഉത്തരം Answer.
Third. It governs the accusative case of nouns, in the sense of about, or concerning; as,
അവൻ എന്നെ പ്രതി ദുഃഖിച്ചു. He grieved about me.
29. The following particles, for the most part, serve to connect sentences; as,
1st. എന്ന For the further use of this and all other words of this class, see the Syntax of Particles. That. An illative conjunction used to shew that the subject referred to is contained in the preceding sentence; as,
അവൻ വരും എന്ന അവൾ പറഞ്ഞു. They said that he would come.
This particle is sometimes prefixed to pronouns; as,
എന്നതിന്റെ ശെഷം, After that. എന്നതകൊണ്ട, By which, whereupon.
2nd. എന്നാറെ, After that, in consequence of that. This word is compounded of എന്ന that, and ആറെ after.
3rd, എന്നാൽ or എന്നാലും, But, nevertheless, etc. This word is compounded of എന്ന that and ആൽ if.
When it stands at the head of sentences, its use is, sometimes, to call attention to the subject that follows.
In many instances it is merely expletive.
This particle must be carefully distinguished from the ablative singular of the personal pronoun; the characters being alike in both: as, എന്നാൽ But, എന്നാൽ by me.
4th. എന്തെന്നാൽ. This particle is compounded of എന്ത What, and എന്നാൽ but. When this word connects sentences, it signifies for. When it follows a neuter relative pronoun, it means thus, or as follows: as
അവൻ പറഞ്ഞത എന്തെന്നാൽ, He spake as follows.
5th. എന്തകൊണ്ടന്നാൽ, Because. Compounded of എന്ത what, കൊണ്ട by എന്നാൽ but.
6th. ആയതകൊണ്ട, എന്നതകൊണ്ട, On account of which, by that. These particles are emphatic and generally signify for the very cause; in consequence of this or that particular thing. They are compounded of ആയ, which is the past participle of the verb to be, എന്ന that and അതകൊണ്ട because, by which, &c.
7th. ആകകൊണ്ട, ആകയാൽ, Therefore, in consequence of which. These words are compounded of ആക, the verbal noun of ആകുന്നു to be, കൊണ്ട by and ആൽ if. The യ being inserted for the sake of euphony.
8th. പിന്നെ, After, moreover, besides, etc. This particle is very often used merely to excite attention: sometimes in a variety of ways to which there is nothing analogous in the English language.
30. The particles used to designate the several cases of the nouns will be treated of under the head of Nouns. All the particles that remain to be noticed are affixed to or placed after the words to which they belong.
31. The following particles are connected with words in various ways; thus,
1st. ഉം is a connecting particle and means and, even, also. It never stands alone, but is affixed to the word to which it belongs; as,
അവനും, from അവൻ He, and ഉം.
അവളും, ,, അവൾ She, ,, ഉം
. When combined with negative sentences it corresponds to the English words neither, neither nor.
2nd. തന്നെ is the accusative singular of the reflective pronoun self, see para: 60 on the subject of personal pronouns; but used as a particle it follows nouns and pronouns in all cases and numbers; and is also affixed to other particles: in such connexions it signifies very, in truth, and words of a similar import; as,
ഞാൻ അപ്രകാരം തന്നെ പറഞ്ഞു.
I spake just so; or I spake in that very manner.
3rd. ഒ, Besides being the sign of interrogation, (see the permutation of vowels on this letter,) is often used to render words emphatic, or in the way of an appeal to the person addressed. It is always affixed to the word with which it is connected; or a വ or യ is added to the word with which it coalesces; as, വൊ, യൊ, thus ഇല്ലയൊ is it not so? i. e. you know it is so.
4th. എല്ലൊ. A particle, of very common use, placed at the end of sentences to denote an undisputed matter of fact; as, ഇന്നലെ മഴ പെയ്തുവല്ലൊ, It rained yesterday. i. e. it is a fact with which we are all acquainted.
5th. ഒളും, Until, as much as, as great as, as far as. This particle is affixed to the nominative and dative cases of nouns, to pronouns, and to the future tense of the indicative mood of verbs. It is sometimes declined; as, ഒളത്തിന്ന, ഒളത്തെക്ക.
6th. മാത്രം, But, alone, only, solely, etc. This particle is affixed to nouns in all cases, and sometimes to other particles. It is sometimes used as a noun, and then means the whole, the entire thing.
32. The following particles, with a few exceptions hereafter to be named, are affixed to verbs or participles; as,
1st. എങ്കിൽ, If, suppose that, in case that. This particle is affixed to any tense of a verb, or to other particles; thus,
അവൻ വരുന്നു എങ്കിൽ, If he come.
എന്നുവരികിൽ, ആയാൽ, ആൽ often supply the place of എങ്കിൽ; as, അപ്രകാരമായാൽ, If it be so.
ആൽ, requires the past participle, as അവൻ വന്നാൽ, If he come. 2nd. എങ്കിലും, But, although, nevertheless, even if. When repeated in the two members of a sentence, it signifies either in the first, and or in the second. It is a disjunctive particle, and usually placed after the past tense of a verb; sometimes after any tense; as,
അവൻ ദരിദ്ര്യനായി പൊയി എങ്കിലും മാനം വിട്ടില്ല. Though he became poor, he did not lose his honor. ചിലർ മെല്പൊട്ട പൊകുന്ന കെമ്പുകൾ മുറിച്ചുകളയും എങ്കിലും അത കൂട കൂട ചെയ്യരുത.
Some will cut off the top branches; but that must not be often done. 3rd. എന്നിട്ടം, After that, nevertheless, although. Often merely expletive. It is affixed to the past tense of verbs, and sometimes stands alone as a disjunctive particle. 4th. ആലും Although. This particle is always affixed to the past participle; as,
അവൻ അപ്രകാരം പറഞ്ഞാലും ഞാൻ അത ചെയ്യും. Although he may say so I will do it. When this particle is repeated in the sentence the meaning is whether, or, if; as,
അവൻ വന്നാലും പൊയാലും നമുക്ക ഒന്നുമില്ല. It is nothing to me whether he come or go.
5th. ആറെ. This particle is always affixed to the past participle, and in that connexion signifies when, after; as, അവൻ വന്നാറെ കാൎയ്യം പറഞ്ഞു.
When he came he related the business. 6th. എനെ. This particle invariably requires a past participle and in this connexion signifies would have; as,

7th. പ്രകാരം, According to. A particle of very common use affixed to the present or past participle. For the further use of this particle, see para 34: section 2nd. 8th. ഉടനെ, As soon as, immediately. Used like the last particle.
9th. തൊറും. This particle when affixed to nouns, generally of time and place denotes distribution; as, ദിവസംതൊറും, Every day; from ദിവസം day. നഗരം തൊറും, City by city; ,, നഗരം city.
When affixed to the future tense of verbs, this particle signifies the more; as, ഞാൻ അതിനെ അടിക്കുന്തൊറും അധികമായിട്ട കരഞ്ഞു.The more I beat it the more it cried.
33. The following particles require nouns or pronouns in the nominative case; some few of them require other cases also; as, 1st. മുതൽ, തുടങ്ങി, From, beginning with. മുതൽ is from the Tamil and signifies Beginning; തുടങ്ങി is the past participle of the verb തുടങ്ങുന്നു to begin; but used as a particle it corresponds to മുതൽ and is used indifferently with it. Sometimes the particle മുതൽ receives the past participle of the verb ആകുന്നു; thus മുതലായ. തുടങ്ങി takes the present participle of the auxiliary verb ഉണ്ട, which is ഉള്ള, in the same sense; as, തുടങ്ങിയുള്ള.
ആദി is a Sanscrit word, but now generally adopted into the Malayalim language. It has the same meaning as and is used for മുതലായ or തുടങ്ങിയുള്ള. When മുതലായ, or തുടങ്ങിയുള്ള is affixed to the nominative case of nouns, the noun undergoes no change: when ആദി is used the nominative case is abbreviated: and a noun or pronoun having reference to the first noun is added to the particle; as, തെക്ക മുതലായ വൃക്ഷങ്ങൾ The Teak and the rest of the Trees. വൃക്ഷാദികൾ, The Trees and the rest.
These phrases are idiomatic and intended to denote a whole class of anything: that which is considered the chief of the class is expressed, and മുതലായ, തുടങ്ങിയുള്ള, or ആദി, with a noun or pronoun are affixed to designate the whole class in all its varieties; as, സിംഹം മുതലായ മൃഗങ്ങൾ. The Lion and the rest of the Beasts.
Implying that the Lion is the chief among Beasts and that all other Beasts are included. ഇന്ദ്രാദി ദെവകൾ. Indra and the rest of the gods.
These phrases nearly correspond to the English expressions,
All Beasts from the Lion downwards. All gods from Indra downwards.
2nd. വരെ, വരെക്ക, Up to, as far as. This particle is frequently used in the same sentence with മുതൽ; in which, as well in other cases, യും is added to it; as, ആ സമയം മുതൽ ഇത, or ൟ സമയം, വരെയും.
From that time to this. 3rd. തൊട്ട, From. This particle requires the nominative case of nouns. and is sometimes affixed to adverbs; as, അന്ന തൊട്ട, From that time. അന്ന, these.
അവർ അന്നുതൊട്ടന്യൊന്യസ്നെഹാകുലന്മാരായിതീൎന്നു.That the Student may be the better prepared to understand native writings, I have copied, without amending, several examples from their books, as in the present case, which is a quotation from a work called പഞ്ച തന്ത്രം Puncha-Tatrum. From that day they became firm friends, or united in love.
4th. അല്ലാതെ, ഇല്ലാതെ, ഒഴികെ, besides, but, in the sense of except. അല്ലാതെ and ഇല്ലാതെ, are the verbal participles of the negative verbs അല്ല and ഇല്ല. ഒഴികെ, comes from the verb ഒഴിയുന്നു to avoid. Used as particles these words require the nominative case; as,
ൟ മനുഷ്യൻ അല്ലാതെ ഇവിടെ ആരുമില്ല.
There is no one here but this man. 5th. കൂടാതെ or കൂടാതെ കണ്ട, Without. കൂടാതെ is the negative participle of the verb കൂടുന്നു to join. When used as a particle it corresponds to the English word without, considered as a conjunction or preposition, and requires the nominative or accusative case. കണ്ട is a mere expletive.
6th. പൊലെ, Like, equal to. This particle governs nouns in the nominative, accusative, and occasionally in other cases. When in the nominative, എന്ന must be inserted between the noun and പൊലെ. എന്ന is also required in most cases, but the accusative. When എന്ന is used there is a slight difference in the meaning, but this is seldom observed; as, അവൻ എന്ന പൊലെ ഇവൻ ചെയ്തു. He acted like him.
അവൻ ഇവനെ പൊലെ ആകുന്നു. This is like him. i.e. in person, condition, or circumstances. 7th. ആയിട്ട. For, for the purpose of, etc. This particles comes from the verb ആകുന്നു. It requires nouns in the nominative and dative cases; and is added to the infinitive of verbs.
8th. നിമിത്തം, നിമിത്തമായിട്ട, ഹെതുവായിട്ട. Though, for the sake of, on account of. With a very few exceptions these particles require the nominative case.
9th. തമ്മിൽ. This particle, which is often repeated, corresponds to our words, one another, each other, together; etc. It is used with nominative case; as,
അവർ തമ്മിൽ തമ്മിൽ സംസാരിച്ചു. They spake together.
34. The following particles require the genitive case of nouns, and pronouns; as,
1st. ശെഷം. This particle, which comes from the verb ശെഷിക്കുന്നു, governs the genitive case: as,
ആ കാൎയ്യത്തിന്റെ ശെഷം. After that affair.
ശെഷം, is sometimes prefixed to nouns and pronouns, or stands alone as an adjective, with the noun understood, and then signifies the
rest, the remainder; as,
പത്ത ആളുകൾ അവിടെ നില്ക്കുന്നുണ്ട: ശെഷം പെർ എല്ലാവരും പൊയ്ക്കളഞ്ഞു
Ten persons are standing there: all the rest went away.
2nd. പ്രകാരം, According to. This particle is used with nouns in the genitive, and sometimes in the nominative case: as first, with the genitive case abbreviated.
അവന്റെ ഇഷ്ടത്തിൻ പ്രകാരം. According to his will.
Second, with a nominative.
മൎയ്യാദ പ്രകാരം. According to custom.
3rd. അടുക്കെ, അടുക്കൽ, അടുക്കലെക്ക, To, unto, near. All these particles, which come from the verb അടുക്കുന്നു to be near, require the genitive case.
4th. പറ്റിൽ, പക്കൽ, By, with, are used in the same way; as,
അവൻ ൟ ആളിന്റെ പറ്റിൽ അത കൊടുത്തയച്ചു.
He sent it by this person.
5th. പിന്നാലെ, After, behind; as,
അവന്റെ പിന്നാലെ പൊക. Go after him.
35. The following particles require the genitive or dative cases of nouns and pronouns; as,
1st. അരികെ, അരികിൽ, Near, by.
2nd, നെരെ, Against, towards, opposite to. This particle comes from the word നെർ, straight, true, sincere.
3rd. ഇടയിൽ, Amongst. This is the ablative case of the word ഇട space: but used as a particle, it governs the genitive and dative cases of nouns.
4th. മെലെ, മീതെ, Over, above, upon.
5th. മുമ്പെ, മുമ്പാകെ, മുമ്പിൽ, Before, in the presence of
6th. പിമ്പെ, പിമ്പിൽ, പിറകിൽ, പിറകെ, Behind. 7th. കീഴെ, കീഴിൽ Beneath, under.
8th. താഴെ, Below, under, down,
9th. നടുവെ, മദ്ധ്യെ, Between, midst. 10th. സമീപെ, സമീപത്ത, Near, by. These particles come from the word സമീപം, Nearness.
11th. ചുറ്റും, Around, about. 36. The following particles require the dative case, and in some instances other cases also; as,
1st. വെണ്ടി, For. This word comes from the defective verb വെണം, to be necessary. As a particle it invariably governs the dative case, as, ഇനിക്ക വെണ്ടി, For me.
2nd. അകത്ത, Within. This word comes from the noun അകം, interior. Used as a particle it corresponds to our preposition within. 3rd ആയ്ക്കൊണ്ട, For, to. 4th. പകരം, Instead of, for. From the verb പകരുന്നു, to pour.
5th. തക്ക, തക്കവണ്ണം, ഒത്ത, ഒത്തവണ്ണം, ഒത്തപൊലെ, According to, suitable to, so as, and a variety of similar meanings as suggested by the context.
തക്ക is a word implying suitability.
ഒത്ത is the past participle of the verb ഒക്കുന്നു to be right, or equal.
വണ്ണം is a noun, signifying Size, thickness.
വണ്ണം with the demonstrative ആ prefixed, which is vulgarly spelled and pronunced ഔ; as ഔവണ്ണം, is used as a particle signifying like,according to, literally of that size.
വണ്ണം is frequently affixed to pronouns with the same meaning, as, അതിൻവണ്ണം, According to, in like manner.
The above particles are affixed to nouns in the dative case, to verbal nouns, and to verbs in the infinitive mood, and future tense. 37. The following particles govern the accusative case of nouns and pronouns; as,
1st. പറ്റി, About, concerning. This word comes from the verb പറ്റു ന്നു to stick, to join. Used as a particle it governs the accusative case.
2nd. കുറിച്ച, About, concerning, of.
3rd. കൊണ്ട, With, by.
4th. കാൾ, Than. A particle of comparison.
38. Particles requiring the ablative case of nouns ending in ഇൽ.
1st. കൂടി, Through. This is the past tense of the verb കൂടുന്നു, to join. Used as a particle it has the above meaning; as,
അവൻ ആറ്റിൽ കൂടി നടന്നു. He walked through the river.
കൂടി is generally confounded with കൂടെ, but this is not correct: കൂടെ requires the 2nd ablative with; as,
ഞാൻ അവനൊട കൂടെ പൊയി. I went with him.
2nd. വെച്ച is the past participle of the verb വെകുന്നു to lay; or place down. Used as a particle, it signifies among, as though, being there. It joins with nouns in the ablative, and with adverbs.
Sometimes it is used with the nominative, but in that case, എന്ന must be inserted between the noun and particle.
39. The following are the interjections in common use.
കഷ്ടം, ഹാ കഷ്ടം, & Alas! & Expressing horror.
ആയൊ, & Ah! Alas! & ,, grief, or astonishment.
അപ്പാ, & Ah! & ,, wonder.
അഃ. & Ah! & ,, surprise.
കണ്ടാലും, & Behold. & Used to excite attention.
Besides the above more common forms; the heathen frequently express astonishment by repeating the names of their favorite Deities; thus ശിവ ശിവ, Shewa-Shewa.
ശിവ ശിവ ഇനിക്ക വന്ന സംകടം ഇന്ന പ്രകാര എന്ന പറവാൻ വഹിയ.
Shewa-Shewa the kind of affliction that happened to me cannot be described.