083 OF THE NOMINATIVE CASE.

143. The Nominative Case is placed in sentences: thus,
1st. ഞാൻ പറയുന്നു, I say,
കുതിര ഒടി, The horse ran.
പൈതൽ വീഴും, The child will fall.
താൻ പൊകെണമെന്ന അവൻ പറഞ്ഞു.
He said that you must go.
In long sentences it is better to place the nominative and accusative cases just before the final verb.
2nd. Two or more nominatives, of any gender and number, in one sentence are connected by the particle ഉം Nouns in all cases, are connected by this particle. being affixed to every one of them; as,
പുരുഷന്മാരും സ്ത്രീകളും പൈതങ്ങളും അവിടെ ഉണ്ട.
The men, women, and children are there.
If an action be simultaneously performed by two or more persons, കൂടെ is to be added to the last noun, or the meaning will not be clear; thus in the sentence രാജാവും ബ്രാഹ്മണരും വന്നു, The Rajah and Brahmins came, the only thing certain is that the persons spoken of came; there is nothing to convey the idea that they came at the same time: whereas രാജാവും ബ്രാഹ്മണരും കൂടെ വന്നു, implies that they came together.
Actions performed by a whole company; as by an army, &c. require എല്ലാം, എല്ലാവരും, or ഒക്കെ, according to the nature of the sentence, to be placed after the last noun; as,
അവർ എല്ലാവരും വന്നു. They all came.
മനുഷ്യരും കുതിരകളും ആനകളും എല്ലാം ഒടിപൊയി. Men, Horses, and Elephants, all ran away.
മഷിയും വെള്ളവും ഒക്കെ വറ്റിപൊയി. The whole of the ink and water is dried up.
3rd. To point out a whole class of persons or things it is usual to express the first or chief of the class only in the nominative and to add മുതലായ, തുടങ്ങിയുള്ള, or ആദി, with a corresponding noun or pronoun, as before pointed out; thus,
തഹശീൽദാർ മുതലായ ഉദ്യൊഗസ്ഥന്മാർ രാജാവിനൊടഅത അറിയിച്ചു.
The Tassildar and the rest of the officers reported it to the king.
കാട്ടാനകൾ മുതലായവ നെല്ല എല്ലാം തിന്നുകളഞ്ഞു.
The wild Elephants and other (Beasts) eat up all the paddy.
4th. In neuter nouns, especially of inanimate objects, the nominative case is frequently used for the accusative; as,
മഷി കൊണ്ടുവരെണമെന്ന അവനൊട പറക.Tell him to bring the ink.
വിഷ്ണു പുഷ്പങ്ങൾ, or പുഷ്പങ്ങളെ പറിച്ചു.Vishnoo plucked flowers.
ഞാൻ അത ചെയ്യാം എന്ന അവൻ പറഞ്ഞു.He said I will do that.
5th. Participial neuter nouns in the nominative case often correspond to the English infinitive mood when it performs the office of a noun in the nominative case, as, to walk is healthy; to play is pleasant, &c.; thus,
നന്മ ചെയ്യുന്നത ഇമ്പമുള്ളതാകുന്നു.
To do good is pleasant.
നല്ല ഗുണദൊഷം പറയുന്നത ബുദ്ധിയുള്ളതാകുന്നു.
To give good advice is wise.
GENITIVE CASE.


144. The genitive is placed first of two nouns in whatever case the second noun may be. In other respects the following rules must be observed.
1st. When two nouns come together, one of which denotes the property or attribute of the other, the noun denoting possession must be in the genitive case: as,
രാജാവിന്റെ കുതിര, The kings horse.
കുതിരയുടെ ഉടയൻ, Owner of the horse.
അവന്റെ കൈ, His hand.
അവളുടെ കുപ്പായം, Her garment.
ഭൂമിയുടെവലിപ്പം, Magnitude of the earth.
ദൈവത്തിന്റെ കൃപ, Mercy of God.
In some instances of nouns of this class the nominative case is used for the genitive: sometimes the nominative is slightly altered to answer the same purpose; but such nouns may in general be used under either form; as,
എരിമപ്പാൽ, or എരുമയുടെ പാൽ, Buffaloes milk.
ദൈവകാരുണ്യം, „ ദൈവത്തിന്റെ കാരുണ്യം, Mercy of God.
മനസ്സുറപ്പ, „ മനസ്സിന്റെ ഉറപ്പ, Steadfastness of mind
Some nouns make the genitive to end in ലെ; as,
ക്ഷെത്രത്തിലെ അധികാരി, Superintendent of the Temple.
കടലിലെ തിരകൾ, Waves of the Sea.
വീട്ടിലെ വസ്തുക്കൾ, Furniture of the house.
This case is often confounded with the common genitive, but this is incorrect. The form denoting possession of property, &c. is to be used in accordance with the given rule: whereas the last form merely signifies employment on the property, or within the premises of another; or the accidental connexion of one thing with another: thus speaking of the proprietor of a temple we must use the common form ക്ഷെത്രത്തിന്റെ ഉടയൻ, Owner of the temple; but when we say ക്ഷെത്രത്തിലെ അധികാരി, it denotes that the person spoken of, is merely one employed in the temple: again, speaking of a house, we say വീട്ടിന്റെ or വീട്ടയജമാനൻ, Master of the house; but speaking of house furniture we must say, വീട്ടിലെ വസ്തുക്കൾ.
2nd. When there are two or more nouns, in the genitive, which refer to different persons or things they are united by the particle ഉം. If they all belong to the same subject, or to persons having relation to each other,
the conjunction is not required; as,
രാമന്റെയും കൃഷ്ണന്റെയും കഥകൾ ഒരുപൊലെ ആകുന്നു.
The Histories of Ramen and Krishnen are alike.
ആകാശത്തിന്റെയും ഭൂമിയുടെയും അത്ഭുതങ്ങളെ കുറിച്ച ഞാൻ പറയും.
I will speak of the wonders of heaven and earth.
അവന്റെ മകന്റെ കുതിരയെ കൊണ്ടുവാ.
Bring his sons horse.
ഇൻഡ്യായിലെ രാജാക്കന്മാരുടെ സ്ഥാനാപതികളുടെ ഭൃത്യന്മാർ വന്നു.
The servants of the ambassadors of the Indian Rajahs came.
3rd. The particle മുതൽ is used in this case, and sometimes in other cases, as in the nominative, with this difference, that the word affixed must be in the genitive, or any other case required; as,
ഞാൻ സിംഹം മുതലായ മൃഗങ്ങളുടെ സ്വഭാവത്തെ കുറിച്ച വൎണ്ണിച്ച പറയും.
I will describe the nature of the beasts from the lion downwards. തുടങ്ങിയുള്ള is used in the same way; as,
ദിവാനിജി തുടങ്ങിയുള്ള ഉദ്യൊഗസ്ഥന്മാരുടെ ദുരാഗ്രഹം കൊണ്ട ജനങ്ങൾ നശിച്ച പൊകുന്നു.
On account of the avarice of the Dewan and other officers the people perish. See the note. Great care and discrimination are required in translating the English genitive case, as in numerous instances the corresponding Malayalim words require to be put in other cases; as will be seen in reading through the Syntax. In fact, except with some particles which always require the genitive case of a noun, this case, as old native writings prove, was not formerly in much use: the idiom of the language requiring the dative; as not എന്റെത, but ഇനിക്കുള്ളത, mine.